Python 爬虫

Python3 | xpath 获取 html 元素对象

获取 DOM 树各个节点的 xpath 路径

Posted by Haauleon on August 9, 2023

代码实现

在使用 python 进行网络爬虫并对网页解析成 DOM 树时，有时需要获取各个 DOM 树节点的 xpath 路径。具体代码如下：

方法1、生成 DOM 各节点的 xpath 路径

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import lxml
from lxml import etree
import collections

doc='''
<html>
 <head>
  <base href='http://example.com/' />
  <title>Example website</title>
 </head>
 <body>
  <div id='images'>
   <a href='image1.html' id="xxx">Name: My image 1 <br /><img src='image1_thumb.jpg' /></a>
   <h5>test</h5>
   <a href='image2.html'>Name: My image 2 <br /><img src='image2_thumb.jpg' /></a>
   <a href='image3.html'>Name: My image 3 <br /><img src='image3_thumb.jpg' /></a>
   <a href='image4.html'>Name: My image 4 <br /><img src='image4_thumb.jpg' /></a>
   <a href='image5.html' class='li li-item' name='items'>Name: My image 5 <br /><img src='image5_thumb.jpg' /></a>
   <a href='image6.html' name='items'><span><h5>test</h5></span>Name: My image 6 <br /><img src='image6_thumb.jpg' /></a>
  </div>
 </body>
</html>
'''
html=etree.HTML(doc)
tree=html.getroottree()
all_nodes=html.xpath('//*')
xpath=[]
for node in all_nodes:
    xpath.append(tree.getpath(node))
for node,path in zip(all_nodes,xpath):
    print("{}：{}".format(node.tag,path))


方法2

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import lxml
from lxml import etree
import collections

doc='''
<html>
 <head>
  <base href='http://example.com/' />
  <title>Example website</title>
 </head>
 <body>
  <div id='images'>
   <a href='image1.html' id="xxx">Name: My image 1 <br /><img src='image1_thumb.jpg' /></a>
   <h5>test</h5>
   <a href='image2.html'>Name: My image 2 <br /><img src='image2_thumb.jpg' /></a>
   <a href='image3.html'>Name: My image 3 <br /><img src='image3_thumb.jpg' /></a>
   <a href='image4.html'>Name: My image 4 <br /><img src='image4_thumb.jpg' /></a>
   <a href='image5.html' class='li li-item' name='items'>Name: My image 5 <br /><img src='image5_thumb.jpg' /></a>
   <a href='image6.html' name='items'><span><h5>test</h5></span>Name: My image 6 <br /><img src='image6_thumb.jpg' /></a>
  </div>
 </body>
</html>
'''
html=etree.HTML(doc)
all_nodes=html.xpath('/html') #用于保存DOM树上的所有节点
idx=0
start=0
end=len(all_nodes)
xpath=['/'+str(all_nodes[0].tag)]
while start<end:
    for i in range(start,end):
        c_nodes=list(all_nodes[i]) #main_nodes[i]的子节点
        tmp_tag_count={key:1 for key,val in collections.Counter(node.tag for node in c_nodes).items()
                       if val>1}
        all_nodes.extend(c_nodes)
        tmp_xpath=xpath[i]
        for node in c_nodes:
            if node.tag in tmp_tag_count.keys():
                xpath.append(tmp_xpath+'/'+node.tag+'['+str(tmp_tag_count[node.tag])+']')
                tmp_tag_count[node.tag]+=1
            else:
                xpath.append(tmp_xpath+'/'+node.tag)
        idx+=1
    start=idx
    end=len(all_nodes)
    
for node,path in zip(all_nodes,xpath):
    print("{} {}".format(node.tag,path))


其计算结果如下：

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html  /html
head  /html/head
body  /html/body
base  /html/head/base
title  /html/head/title
div  /html/body/div
a  /html/body/div/a[1]
h5  /html/body/div/h5
a  /html/body/div/a[2]
a  /html/body/div/a[3]
a  /html/body/div/a[4]
a  /html/body/div/a[5]
a  /html/body/div/a[6]
br  /html/body/div/a[1]/br
img  /html/body/div/a[1]/img
br  /html/body/div/a[2]/br
img  /html/body/div/a[2]/img
br  /html/body/div/a[3]/br
img  /html/body/div/a[3]/img
br  /html/body/div/a[4]/br
img  /html/body/div/a[4]/img
br  /html/body/div/a[5]/br
img  /html/body/div/a[5]/img
span  /html/body/div/a[6]/span
br  /html/body/div/a[6]/br
img  /html/body/div/a[6]/img
h5  /html/body/div/a[6]/span/h5



项目实践

爬取猫眼电影票房网页的节点：

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import requests
from lxml import etree
import random

user_agent = [
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 6.0.1; zh-cn; MI NOTE LTE Build/MMB29M) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/53.0.2785.146 Mobile Safari/537.36 XiaoMi/MiuiBrowser/8.8.7',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0; Nexus 5 Build/MRA58N) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.100 Mobile Safari/537.36',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 11_4_1 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/11.0 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 10_2_1 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/602.4.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/10.0 Mobile/14D27 Safari/602.1',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 5.1.1; Nexus 5 Build/LMY48B; wv) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/43.0.2357.65 Mobile Safari/537.36',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android-4.0.3; en-us; Galaxy Nexus Build/IML74K) AppleWebKit/535.7 (KHTML, like Gecko) CrMo/16.0.912.75 Mobile Safari/535.7',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android-4.0.3; en-us; Xoom Build/IML77) AppleWebKit/535.7 (KHTML, like Gecko) CrMo/16.0.912.75 Safari/535.7',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux;u;Android 4.2.2;zh-cn;) AppleWebKit/534.46 (KHTML,like Gecko) Version/5.1 Mobile Safari/10600.6.3',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 10_3 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/602.1.50 (KHTML, like Gecko) CriOS/56.0.2924.75 Mobile/14E5239e YisouSpider/5.0 Safari/602.1',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.0; GT-I9300 Build/IMM76D) AppleWebKit/534.30 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/59.0.3071.92',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; SOV33 Build/35.0.D.0.326) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/49.0.2623.91 Mobile Safari/537.36',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0; HUAWEI MLA-AL10 Build/HUAWEIMLA-AL10) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/537.36',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; Nexus 5X Build/MMB29P) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2272.96 Mobile Safari/537.36',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 7.1.1; vivo X20A Build/NMF26X; wv) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/62.0.3202.84 Mobile Safari/537.36 VivoBrowser/5.6.1.1',
    'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 6.0.1; zh-CN; SM-J7108 Build/MMB29K) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/57.0.2987.108 UCBrowser/11.9.7.977 Mobile Safari/537.36',
    'Mozilla/6.0 (Linux; Android 8.0; Nexus 5 Build/MRA58N) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3325.183 Mobile Safari/537.36'
]

headers = {
    'Accept-Encoding': 'identity',
    'User-Agent': random.choice(user_agent)
}

page = requests.get("https://piaofang.maoyan.com/box-office?ver=normal", headers=headers)
# root = html.fromstring(page.text)
html = etree.HTML(page.text)
tree = html.getroottree()
all_nodes = html.xpath('//*')
xpath = []
for node in all_nodes:
    xpath.append(tree.getpath(node))
for node, path in zip(all_nodes, xpath):
    print("{}：{}".format(node.tag, path))


返回结果如下：

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html：/html
head：/html/head
title：/html/head/title
meta：/html/head/meta[1]
link：/html/head/link[1]
link：/html/head/link[2]
link：/html/head/link[3]
link：/html/head/link[4]
link：/html/head/link[5]
meta：/html/head/meta[2]
meta：/html/head/meta[3]
meta：/html/head/meta[4]
meta：/html/head/meta[5]
link：/html/head/link[6]
link：/html/head/link[7]
link：/html/head/link[8]
link：/html/head/link[9]
meta：/html/head/meta[6]
meta：/html/head/meta[7]
meta：/html/head/meta[8]
meta：/html/head/meta[9]
meta：/html/head/meta[10]
meta：/html/head/meta[11]
meta：/html/head/meta[12]
meta：/html/head/meta[13]
meta：/html/head/meta[14]
meta：/html/head/meta[15]
link：/html/head/link[10]
meta：/html/head/meta[16]
meta：/html/head/meta[17]
meta：/html/head/meta[18]
meta：/html/head/meta[19]
meta：/html/head/meta[20]
script：/html/head/script[1]
link：/html/head/link[11]
link：/html/head/link[12]
script：/html/head/script[2]
body：/html/body
script：/html/body/script[1]
div：/html/body/div
div：/html/body/div/div
div：/html/body/div/div/div[1]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[1]/div[1]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[1]/div[2]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[1]/div[2]/div[1]
ul：/html/body/div/div/div[1]/div[2]/div[1]/ul
li：/html/body/div/div/div[1]/div[2]/div[1]/ul/li[1]
li：/html/body/div/div/div[1]/div[2]/div[1]/ul/li[2]
li：/html/body/div/div/div[1]/div[2]/div[1]/ul/li[3]
li：/html/body/div/div/div[1]/div[2]/div[1]/ul/li[4]
li：/html/body/div/div/div[1]/div[2]/div[1]/ul/li[5]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[1]/div[2]/div[2]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]/div[1]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]/div[1]/div[1]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]/div[1]/div[2]
i：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]/div[1]/div[2]/i
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]/div[1]/div[3]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]/div[2]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]/div[2]/div
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]/div[2]/div/div
label：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]/div[2]/div/label
span：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]/div[2]/div/label/span
input：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]/div[2]/div/label/input
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/div
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]
p：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/p[1]
p：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/p[2]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[2]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[2]/div
span：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[2]/div/span
p：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]
h1：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/h1
table：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table
thead：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/thead
tr：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/thead/tr
th：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/thead/tr/th[1]
th：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/thead/tr/th[2]
span：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/thead/tr/th[2]/span[1]
br：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/thead/tr/th[2]/br
span：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/thead/tr/th[2]/span[2]
th：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/thead/tr/th[3]
span：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/thead/tr/th[3]/span[1]
br：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/thead/tr/th[3]/br
span：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/thead/tr/th[3]/span[2]
th：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/thead/tr/th[4]
th：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/thead/tr/th[5]
tbody：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody
tr：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[1]
td：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[1]/td[1]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[1]/td[1]/div
p：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[1]/td[1]/div/p[1]
p：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[1]/td[1]/div/p[2]
span：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[1]/td[1]/div/p[2]/span[1]
span：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[1]/td[1]/div/p[2]/span[2]
td：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[1]/td[2]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[1]/td[2]/div
td：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[1]/td[3]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[1]/td[3]/div
td：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[1]/td[4]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[1]/td[4]/div
td：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[1]/td[5]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[1]/td[5]/div
tr：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]
td：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[1]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[1]/div
p：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[1]/div/p[1]
p：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[1]/div/p[2]
span：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[1]/div/p[2]/span[1]
span：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[1]/div/p[2]/span[2]
td：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[2]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[2]/div
td：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[3]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[3]/div
td：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[4]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[4]/div
td：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[5]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[5]/div
tr：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]
td：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]/td[1]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]/td[1]/div
p：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]/td[1]/div/p[1]
p：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]/td[1]/div/p[2]
span：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]/td[1]/div/p[2]/span[1]
span：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]/td[1]/div/p[2]/span[2]
td：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]/td[2]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]/td[2]/div
td：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]/td[3]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]/td[3]/div
td：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]/td[4]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]/td[4]/div
td：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]/td[5]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[3]/td[5]/div
tr：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[4]
td：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[4]/td[1]
div：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[4]/td[1]/div
p：/html/body/div/div/div[2]/div/div[2]/table/tbody/tr[4]/td[1]/div/p[1]
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相关链接：
Python爬虫:获取DOM树各个节点的xpath路径

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