环境搭建 | 搭建一个能运行的虚拟机环境 - Haauleon Blog

本篇所有操作均在 64 位的 Windows 11 系统下执行

一、VirtualBox

VirtualBox 是 Oracle 开源的虚拟化系统，支持 Linux 、OS X、Windows 等平台，Docker 和 Vagrant 环境都需要它作为宿主机。

虚拟机安装在主机上，必须在主机上才能运行，主机就是一个宿主，则相对于虚拟机而言，正在使用的计算机就是宿主机。

1、安装 VirtualBox

（1）进入官网下载最新版

（2）双击进行安装

（3）进入 VirtualBox 主页

二、Vagrant

Vagrant 用来操作 VirtualBox、VMWare、AWS 这些虚拟机系统，可以很快地完成一套开发环境的部署。直接启动就好，不需要了解所有相关环境的知识和细节。可以通过 > vagrant provision ，使用 Shell 脚本或者主流的配置管理工具（如 Puppet、Ansible等）对软件进行自动安装、更新和配置管理。

1、安装 Vagrant

（1）进入官网下载

（2）双击进行安装

（3）重启

（4）验证是否安装成功

C:\Users\Haauleon>vagrant --version
Vagrant 2.3.2

2、Vagrantfile 配置文件

一个打包好的操作系统在 Vagrant 中称为一个 Box，而这个 Box 实际上是一个 zip 包。这个 zip 包包含了 Vagrant 的虚拟机配置信息和 VirtualBox 的虚拟机镜像文件。Vagrantfile 文件中保存了虚拟机的各项配置，如下：

# coding: utf-8
Vagrant.configure(2) do |config|
  config.vm.box = "dongweiming/web_develop"
  config.vm.hostname = "WEB"
  config.vm.network :forwarded_port, guest: 9000, host: 9000
  config.vm.network :forwarded_port, guest: 3141, host: 3141
  config.vm.network :forwarded_port, guest: 5000, host: 5000
  config.ssh.username = 'ubuntu'
  config.ssh.password = 'ubuntu'
  config.ssh.insert_key = false
  config.ssh.private_key_path = ["~/.ssh/id_rsa"]
  config.vm.provision "file", source: "~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub", destination: "~/.ssh/authorized_keys"
  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", disabled: true
  # config.vm.network "public_network", bridge: "en0: Wi-Fi (AirPort)"
  config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |v|
    v.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--name", "web_dev", "--memory", "1536"]
  end
end

3、首次启动虚拟机

（1）创建 SSH 秘钥

董老师定制的 Box 需要创建一个 SSH 秘钥用于自动登录。如果之前没有创建过则使用以下命令进行创建：

C:\Users\Haauleon>ssh-keygen

（2）启动虚拟机

PS D:\gitee\web_develop> vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Box 'dongweiming/web_develop' could not be found. Attempting to find and install...
    default: Box Provider: virtualbox
    default: Box Version: >= 0
==> default: Loading metadata for box 'dongweiming/web_develop'
    default: URL: https://vagrantcloud.com/dongweiming/web_develop
==> default: Adding box 'dongweiming/web_develop' (v0.5) for provider: virtualbox
    default: Downloading: https://vagrantcloud.com/dongweiming/boxes/web_develop/versions/0.5/providers/virtualbox.box
    default:
==> default: Successfully added box 'dongweiming/web_develop' (v0.5) for 'virtualbox'!
==> default: Importing base box 'dongweiming/web_develop'...
==> default: Matching MAC address for NAT networking...
==> default: Checking if box 'dongweiming/web_develop' version '0.5' is up to date...
==> default: Setting the name of the VM: web_develop_default_1667878758610_92779
==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
    default: Adapter 1: nat
==> default: Forwarding ports...
    default: 9000 (guest) => 9000 (host) (adapter 1)
    default: 3141 (guest) => 3141 (host) (adapter 1)
    default: 5000 (guest) => 5000 (host) (adapter 1)
    default: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1)
==> default: Running 'pre-boot' VM customizations...
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
    default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
    default: SSH username: ubuntu
    default: SSH auth method: password
==> default: Machine booted and ready!
==> default: Checking for guest additions in VM...
    default: The guest additions on this VM do not match the installed version of
    default: VirtualBox! In most cases this is fine, but in rare cases it can
    default: prevent things such as shared folders from working properly. If you see
    default: shared folder errors, please make sure the guest additions within the
    default: virtual machine match the version of VirtualBox you have installed on
    default: your host and reload your VM.
    default:
    default: Guest Additions Version: 5.0.18
    default: VirtualBox Version: 7.0
==> default: Setting hostname...
==> default: Running provisioner: file...
    default: ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub => ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

坑一：vagrant up 报错
启动虚拟机之前，需要进入 Vagrantfile 文件所在的目录，否则执行会报错，报错提示：A Vagrant environment or target machine is required to run this command. Run vagrant init to create a new Vagrant environment. Or, get an ID of a target machine from vagrant global-status to run this command on. A final option is to change to a directory with a Vagrantfile and to try again.

坑二：下载 Box 耗时长
启动的时候会检查本地有没有这个 Box，没有的话就会下载，第一次下载的时间较长，将近十分钟。

（3）初始化系统环境

第一次启动完成后需要使用配置脚本来初始化系统环境，provision 会执行 Vagrantfile 中定义的 file 命令 config.vm.provision "file", source: "~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub", destination: "~/.ssh/authorized_keys" ，将本机的 ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub 拷贝到目标服务器并保存为 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys。

PS D:\gitee\web_develop> vagrant provision
==> default: Running provisioner: file...
    default: ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub => ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

（4）登录虚拟机

启动完成后就可以登录虚拟机了。

PS D:\gitee\web_develop> vagrant ssh
==> default: The machine you're attempting to SSH into is configured to use
==> default: password-based authentication. Vagrant can't script entering the
==> default: password for you. If you're prompted for a password, please enter
==> default: the same password you have configured in the Vagrantfile.
Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-34-generic x86_64)

 * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com/

  Get cloud support with Ubuntu Advantage Cloud Guest:
    http://www.ubuntu.com/business/services/cloud

111 packages can be updated.
0 updates are security updates.

New release '18.04.6 LTS' available.
Run 'do-release-upgrade' to upgrade to it.


Last login: Wed Aug 17 16:21:41 2016 from 10.0.2.2

~ ubuntu@WEB
❯

4、再次启动虚拟机

关闭命令：

~ ubuntu@WEB
❯ exit
Connection to 127.0.0.1 closed.
PS D:\gitee\web_develop> vagrant halt
==> default: Attempting graceful shutdown of VM...

下次启动虚拟机成功后，需要进行登录时可直接使用命令 > vagrant ssh ：

PS D:\gitee\web_develop> vagrant up
PS D:\gitee\web_develop> vagrant ssh
==> default: The machine you're attempting to SSH into is configured to use
==> default: password-based authentication. Vagrant can't script entering the
==> default: password for you. If you're prompted for a password, please enter
==> default: the same password you have configured in the Vagrantfile.
Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-34-generic x86_64)

 * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com/

  Get cloud support with Ubuntu Advantage Cloud Guest:
    http://www.ubuntu.com/business/services/cloud

111 packages can be updated.
0 updates are security updates.

New release '18.04.6 LTS' available.
Run 'do-release-upgrade' to upgrade to it.


Last login: Tue Nov  8 04:12:02 2022 from 10.0.2.2

~ ubuntu@WEB
❯

三、Docker

Docker 是用 Go 语言编写的一个基于 Linux 容器（Linux Containers, LXC）的开源容器引擎。跟传统的虚拟机不同，虚拟机都是一个完整的操作系统所以占用计算机资源三件套（CPU、内存、硬盘等）。而 Docker 是 “操作系统级别的虚拟化” ，因此可以达到秒级启动，与虚拟机相比，Docker 容器本身几乎不占用什么开销，可见其性能之卓越。且因 Docker 具有可移植性所以 “一次封装，到处运行” 的优势被众所周知。

2014年7月21日，IBM 公司发表过一份全英文报告《虚拟机与Linux容器的性能比较》，可使用百度翻译进行全文档翻译后享用。

1、安装 Docker

（1）下载docker-toolbox

（2）双击 DockerToolbox-18.03.0-ce.exe 进行安装

2、启动 Docker Toolbox 终端

安装完成后双击 Docker QuickStart Terminal 图标来启动 Docker Toolbox 终端即进入 Docker Shell，如下：

首次启动 Docker Toolbox 终端时，会检查本地是否存在 boot2docker.iso 这个镜像文件，如果没有就会从 github 上自动下载最新版本，因此第一次启动时花费的时间较长。在进行一系列的初始化后，最后的提示如下：

docker is configured to use the default machine with IP 192.168.99.100
For help getting started, check out the docs at https://docs.docker.com

上面的 192.168.99.100 是 Docker 创建的虚拟机的 IP，之后访问应用其实都是在请求这个 IP。如果忘记了也可以通过如下命令获得：

$ docker-machine ip
192.168.99.100

检查 Docker 是否安装成功：

$ docker --version
Docker version 18.03.0-ce, build 0520e24302

3、下载镜像

Dockerfile 配置文件内容如下：

FROM ubuntu:16.04

MAINTAINER DongWeiming <ciici123@gmail.com>
ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND noninteractive

RUN echo 'deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse\n\
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse\n\
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse\n\
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse\n\
    deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse\n\
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse\n\
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse\n\
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse\n\
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse\n\
    deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse\n\
    ' > /etc/apt/sources.list

RUN apt-get update
RUN apt-get install python curl git zsh sudo -yq
RUN useradd -ms /bin/bash ubuntu
RUN echo "ubuntu ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL"  >> /etc/sudoers
RUN echo "ubuntu:ubuntu" | chpasswd
USER ubuntu
workdir /home/ubuntu
RUN git clone https://github.com/dongweiming/web_develop
RUN cd /home/ubuntu/web_develop

EXPOSE 9000 3141 22 5000

执行以下命令可以直接下载董老师上传好的基于 Ubuntu:16.04 LTS 的镜像：

$ docker pull dongweiming/web_develop:dev
dev: Pulling from dongweiming/web_develop
5ba4f30e5bea: Pull complete
9d7d19c9dc56: Pull complete
ac6ad7efd0f9: Pull complete
e7491a747824: Pull complete
a3ed95caeb02: Pull complete
e42ba31532a7: Pull complete
92d10652653c: Pull complete
58ad29242685: Pull complete
fd1ea66774c4: Pull complete
da69b3de3c09: Pull complete
1209a5fcd32b: Pull complete
faf8957e629c: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:ff43adf798f27d616ad2c7fec6fd79680cf2205b5996a3841230ba827522e85c
Status: Downloaded newer image for dongweiming/web_develop:dev

下载完成后检查镜像列表是否存在此镜像：

$ docker images
REPOSITORY                TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
dongweiming/web_develop   dev                 43fb02d9c1a3        6 years ago         294MB

4、进入容器

使用以下命令可以进入容器，前面的提示是 zsh 新用户安装。进入容器后，默认使用 ubuntu 这个用户，并切换到 /home/ubuntu/web_develop 目录下。

$ docker run --name web_dev -it -p 9000:9000 -p 3141:3141 -p 5000:5000 dongweiming/web_develop:dev /bin/zsh
This is the Z Shell configuration function for new users,
zsh-newuser-install.
You are seeing this message because you have no zsh startup files
(the files .zshenv, .zprofile, .zshrc, .zlogin in the directory
~).  This function can help you with a few settings that should
make your use of the shell easier.

You can:

(q)  Quit and do nothing.  The function will be run again next time.

(0)  Exit, creating the file ~/.zshrc containing just a comment.
     That will prevent this function being run again.

(1)  Continue to the main menu.

(2)  Populate your ~/.zshrc with the configuration recommended
     by the system administrator and exit (you will need to edit
     the file by hand, if so desired).

--- Type one of the keys in parentheses ---

Aborting.
The function will be run again next time.  To prevent this, execute:
  touch ~/.zshrc
30ea46d16b2a%

5、退出容器

30ea46d16b2a% exit

6、重新登录容器

从容器退出后，容器就关闭了，可使用以下命令进行重新登录：

$ docker start web_dev   # 回车一次
web_dev
$ docker attach web_dev  # 回车两次


Aborting.
The function will be run again next time.  To prevent this, execute:
  touch ~/.zshrc
30ea46d16b2a%

7、Docker 虚拟机端口转发

在 Docker 环境中访问应用需要使用 http://192.168.99.100:PORT 这个地址，由于 Vagrant 做了端口转发，直接在宿主机上访问 127.0.0.1:PORT 即可。为了使 Docker 和 Vagrant 访问的地址一致，可以使用以下命令实现。

（1）获取 Docker 虚拟机的名字

$ docker-machine inspect|grep MachineName
        "MachineName": "default",

可知，Docker 虚拟机的名字是 default。

（2）使用 Shell 命令添加本机与容器的端口镜像
VBoxManage 是 VirtualBox 提供的命令行工具，使用如下命令添加本机与容器的端口镜像成功后，就可以使用 http://127.0.0.1:PORT 来统一访问了。

$ for port in 3141 5000 9000
> do
> VBoxManage controlvm "default" natpf1 "tcp-port$port,tcp,127.0.0.1,$port,,$port"; echo $port
> done
3141
5000
9000

坑一：VBoxManage 命令不存在

$ for port in 3141 5000 9000 ; do VBoxManage controlvm "default" natpf1 "tcp-port$port,tcp,127.0.0.1,$port,,$port"; echo $port; done
bash: VBoxManage: command not found

需要配置环境变量，在 环境变量 > 系统变量 > Path 变量中添加 VBoxManage.exe 所在目录的路径 D:\Oracle\VirtualBox\ 即可。

环境搭建 | 搭建一个能运行的虚拟机环境

使用 Docker 和 Vagrant 安装 Ubuntu